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Bangladesh must acquire the nuclear power plant in order to cope up with the power crises situation there. Natural gas i likely to deplete completely in the next one or two decade (s). Bangladesh has no means to regularly import oil or other fuel to generate electricity to meet the demand of the country. Coal in Bangladesh is inadequate and of low grade to meet the huge demand of the furnaces of the power stations. Green energy sounds soothing and heavenly but by the feasibility and the possibility of meeting the energy demand is very little and nothing but the drops in the bucket. So, the only practical way to meet the energy demand for the nation is to manage a fund now and to take a severe initiative to install neuclear power stations in the country such that the next few decades or centuries are covered for the energy demand. However, the risks are enormous, if the nuclear power plants are not of very high quality and highly protected as far as the productivivity, operations, safety, and security. Please read the following exerpt to get an incite about the pors and cons of the nuclear power. One of my earnest recommendation (as a power and an energy engineer) is that Bangladesh must not acquire and install any Russian ( or Russian allied countries) made nuclear reactors because they produce very low quality products in this field. Most Russian reactors have the highest possibility of occuring accidents because of poor quality despite any human errors.
We accept that nuclear power offers zero polluting emissions. However, it is only true when mistakes are not made in controlling the processes at all stages from mining to eventual disposal of the waste and decommissioning. Unfortunately, history indicates that such accidents are not only possible but are very evident and almost certain to happen. Added to this we now have all kinds of terrorists who will take advantage of any opportunity to sabotage and bring chaos and destruction to anything that is very vital to the country they feel deserves their wrath. The resulting consequences are so painstaking that it is to be hoped that nuclear power will not be developed as a major player in the provision of clean energy for the foreseeable future. There are going to be exceptions of course (maybe the under- developed nations, the one like Bangladesh, who feel they have little alternatives, because the natural gas will not be available after two decades and coal is not promising, and no other significant energy sources are available to meet the energy demand of the nation). So, there is no doubt that nuclear power and its legacy will still have to be around for countless generations to come.
In 2007 Tony Blair urged the whole world, to develop nuclear power as an answer to global warming and resolve the energy crises. Instead he could have promoted the numerous, developed and developing, green technologies and divert some of the enormous nuclear budget to support their expansion, as in USA and in many countries are going forward. However, the reality lies with Tony Blair. All green technologies are yet to develop in order to be able to get real services from them but the nuclear power technology is quite ripe and almost in its peak performance status. All green technology combined together amounts to nothing but a drop in the bucket as far as the need for the amount of energy need for the globe. Fortunately, in 2008 Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, is following in his footsteps. This is happening because of the main reason that the enormous amount of energy that each nation needs at this present era that can not be met by any other sources except the one having enormous ability to generate energy provided can be run safely.
Nuclear Reactors have the potential to provide almost unlimited amounts of energy with much lower carbon emissions than with fossil fuels. However, there are extreme dangers associated with attritional pollution from discharges, operational accidents and long-term cleanup after decommissioning. As a result, many nations have rejected expansion of nuclear methods for national energy generation. Developing countries are more likely to expand their nuclear power capacity, for example China may follow this route and Ukraine will probably commission new plants. Otherwise there are strong arguments that nuclear power generation should decline, especially where the industries are privatized.
At the end of 2000 there were more than 120 nuclear power plants in Europe, the first appearing about 50 years previously. Although the dangers are recognized, the existing nuclear power plants, around the world, are valued because if they were closed down large populaces would be without electricity or at best would have to pay more for it. There are dangers in all aspects of using nuclear materials from the stage at which they are mined, refined and transported, through to their use in the power stations, storage for future use, and eventually in reprocessing and disposal. It does seem that human errors, incompetence or disregard for safety are the main causes of the most dangerous consequences. But these shortcomings are sometimes accepted in the challenging situations.
Besides accidents, the waste and decommissioning are also very dangerous. The most visible and recognized dangers are associated with mining and power generation. There are parallels with the mining of other ores and fuels, locally and abroad. These have often left a deadly legacy of toxic waste, ground subsidence and unsightly landscape, but radioactive ores carry even greater, longer lasting and more pernicious threats. There are two ways of handling the used material: reprocessing and containment. However, reprocessing produces local but serious radioactive discharges, so countries which aim to reprocess, such as the UK, must still face the problems of how to cope with the discharges and how to 'bury' the ultimate products. It seems that for many nations the strategy for this final disposal is still in the planning stage. Reprocessed, low-activity waste is a potential hazard for decades; high activity waste can remain hazardous for hundreds of thousands of years.
Fears of terrorist threats: German government security survey had found that eight of the country's oldest power stations would melt down if even a small jet crashed into them. Even the seven newer pressurized water reactor plants whose cores are surrounded by concrete shields could not withstand a direct impact from a commercial passenger plane. Authorities have beefed up security and the environment ministry is considering special equipment which would throw up a wall of artificial fog around the country's 18 nuclear power stations if they were to be threatened by a hijacked plane. The fog machine idea appears to be a helpless initiative.
HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS:
(1) Windscale Accident: This appears to be the world's first big nuclear accident occurred more than fifty years ago, happened on October 10, 1957, in Sellafield site in England at West Cumbria on the coast of Irish Sea. The safety breaches, lowered safety standards, safety irregularities, falsification of data of the BNFL operation, were the reasons for the accident. Also, Germany, Switzerland and Japan were receiving plutonium products from BNFL. Ireland felt that the discharges of BNFL into the North Irish Sea were causing dangerous marine pollution in that territory. Britain had developed nuclear weapons in 1952, but in the mid 1950s the USA and the USSR had developed much more powerful thermo-nuclear devices (hydrogen bombs). British government started working desperately to improve their technology. Reactors use uranium and produce plutonium and can produce tritium (the radioactive isotope of hydrogen). Tritium was needed to produce thermo-nuclear reactors. Sir William Penney, the chief scientist in charge of research in nuclear developments in UK, modified the fuel cartridges using lithium magnesium to increase the yield of tritium. It seems quite likely that this modification was largely responsible for the Windscale. The reactor fuel together with the graphite moderator was on fire. The exhaust flowing up the chimney contained radioactive materials which obviously posed a threat to the surrounding countryside and its inhabitants. The Cockcroft's Folly filters in the chimney caught some of the radioactive contents. The fallout covered enormous areas of the country, spreading as far as SE England. Water was tried to quench the fire but it did not work. In fact turning off the fans and removing the airflow was immediately successful. During this episode inhabitants were told to take cover; children were especially at risk and milk in surrounding areas was destroyed to avoid ingestion. Theoretical estimates ranged from 0 to nearly 300 of fatal and non-fatal cancers. However, these figures were not right. A canister of polonium 210 was burned in the fire. This caused the figure to rise. This accident was a severe embarrassment for UK.
(2) Three Mile Island Accident: The most serious commercial nuclear accident in the United States occurred in March 1979 at the station on Three Mile Island. During routine maintenance, water supplied to the generators was interrupted causing a safety system to operate. The operators mistakenly stopped the automatic system with devastating consequences. A significant part of the nuclear fuel melted and flowed into the lower parts of the core and reactor vessel. Such a possibility was known to be a very dangerous event and has been associated with the name "The China Syndrome". Large amounts of radioactive gases were released but fortunately, eventually emergency measures succeeded in taking control and cooling the core. The damage was severe but no injuries due to radiation are recorded. Following this accident a ten year cleanup plan was implemented and extensive records were generated. This experience has influenced to look at the nuclear power generation to be most dangerous and so became unpopular in USA for the following 3 decades. This unpopularity did not just remain in the US but swept internationally.
(3) Chernobyl Accident: On April 26, 1986 an enormous nuclear explosion took place in Ukraine, USSR. When operators were testing one of the reactors at full capacity, switched off the safety system. Control was lost, steam pressure built up, the explosion occurred and large amounts of radioactive elements were discharged into the atmosphere. 190 tons of highly radioactive Uranium and Graphite did spread all over. There was no immediate admission of the crisis by the Gorbachev administration and it was only acknowledged a few days later as a result of Swedish reports on increased radiation levels. Many years later the widespread consequences were detected that include poisoning of large areas of water and land in Ukraine and Belarus and significant contamination in Poland, Sweden and Norway. The spread of pollution was not limited to the atmosphere but was also spread via underground water to threaten nearby Kiev. Many parts of Europe were affected and we know that parts of the UK registered fallout. We have seen it reported that possible radiation linked illnesses are statistically associated with the disaster worldwide. The widespread nature of the contamination and the difficulties in identifying with certainty that illnesses were caused by the Chernobyl fallout mean that the statistics cannot be accurate, but from our reading it seems that the number of casualties, in one way or another, must be several millions with maybe a third of these being children. Close to the site, thousands of workers died during the cleanup operation and tens of thousands were crippled. The rest of the plant at Chernobyl continued to operate for more than 14 years. The damaged reactor is still posing a threat and may well cause a further catastrophe if it collapses, as is likely. What devastation will follow such a collapse will depend on the wind but
the population of Belarus was the greatest loser in the aftermath. The fallout from the disaster has directly affected over nine million people in Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia; Belarus received 70% of the fallout. The radioactive exposure was 90 times greater than that released by the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The UN declared it the worst environmental catastrophe in history. In Belarus, thyroid cancer rates increased by 2,400% in the ensuing 15 years, a figure expected to continue to rise. There have been a 1,000% increase in suicides in the contaminated zones and a 250% increase in congenital birth deformities. About 99% of the land was contaminated and 90% of the children suffer from the after-effects of nuclear radiation. Apart from these horrific health problems Belarus is financially crippled. It has cost Belarus 25% of its annual national budget and it is estimated that by 2015 the fallout from the accident will have cost it $235 billion. Ironically, because of international law, Belarus received no compensation from Russia or Ukraine and is dependent on humanitarian aid, which is totally inadequate.
References:
(1) 'Managing the Nuclear Legacy' - a white paper, July 2002
(2) 'Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA)' in UK due to become fully operational in April 2005.
(3) 'Liabilities Management Unit (LMU)' in UK to anticipate the working of the NDA.
(4) "Windscale: Britain's Biggest Nuclear Disaster", 8 October 2007.
(5) "Contaminated Evidence", Jean McSorley, Guardian, 10 October 2007.
(6) "Internal Exposure", Eugene Cahill, 26 April, 2001).
